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Modern Hinduism, as it is practised and explained today, did not emerge in isolation. It was shaped in conversation with Europe at a moment when Christianity itself was in crisis. Theosophy became the bridge in this encounter. Through it, Hindu ideas were reframed, revived, and repackaged, influencing figures as different as Gandhi, Rukmini Arundale, and Sri Aurobindo. To understand modern Hinduism, one must first understand why Theosophy arose.
In 19th-century Europe, Christianity was under pressure. Biblical literalism was shaken by geology, archaeology, and above all, by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. If humans evolved from earlier life forms, then the story of Adam and Eve, original sin, and a single creation event could...
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